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 IN THIS ISSUE...   MAY  2003

Budget Cuts, Newsletters, and Technology 
(Or Lions and Tigers and Bears!)
It seems like you can't pick up a newspaper these days without reading an article about the effects of state budget cuts on various state services and functions. Schools, libraries, counties and townships, and universities are all feeling the pinch of reduced state funding.

OSU Extension is also experiencing the pressures of a cumulative 10% reduction in state funding. While most of these cuts have been absorbed by Extension at the state level, county Extension offices are also beginning to feel the squeeze of reduced state funding. 

Additionally, county budget difficulties in Jefferson County have forced the Jefferson County Extension Office to reduce staff, and close on Friday each week. (Staffing and office hours in the Carroll and Harrison County Extension Offices are not affected by this change in Jefferson County.)

What This Means for You- In an effort to trim costs, the Dollars and Sense newsletter will no longer be issued monthly. Instead, we will lengthen the time between issues to approximately six weeks. This will save postage and other costs. We will also offer the Dollars and Sense newsletter electronically. If you have access to email and would like to receive the newsletter electronically, please send us the email address where you'd like to receive the newsletter. In addition to being more efficient, electronic delivery will also be quicker than the post office by about a week, so you'll have instant access to the information if you choose to subscribe electronically.

Also, the Dollars and Sense newsletter is always available on our websites and you can access it anytime at any of these three web addresses:

carroll.osu.edu              harrison.osu.edu              jefferson.osu.edu

What You Can Do- Please bear with us as we work through these budget situations.  If you feel strongly about preventing additional state budget cuts to Extension and agricultural research (OARDC), our State Extension Advisory Committee has instituted a letter-writing campaign to state legislators.  We have form letters available for you to use to send to your state legislator if you so desire.  Let us know if you'd like a copy.

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Calculating Seeding Rates for Corn
If the recommended plant population for a corn hybrid is 28,000 plants/acre based on various factors including site yield and potential hybrid characteristics, what should the seeding rate be? Remember a recommended plant population refers to final plant stand or the number of plants/A at harvest not seeding rate.

The number of plants/acre at harvest is always less than the number of seeds planted (unless you have a lot of volunteer corn!) Planting date, tillage practices, pest problems, chemical injury, planter performance, and seed quality can affect final corn populations obtained in the field. To compensate for these losses, a corn grower needs to plant more seed than the desired population at harvest.

To determine an appropriate seeding rate, use the following formula:

Seeding rate = Plant population per acre at harvest/(Seed germination x Expected survival). Seed germination is the percent germination shown on the seed tag. Most seed corn has a germination rate of 95% or higher. Expected survival is the percentage of plants that you expect to survive to become harvestable plants in the fall. Keep in mind that survival rates for corn are often in the range of 85 to 95% but can vary considerably depending on planting conditions and other environmental factors. When early planting is likely to create stressful conditions for corn during emergence (e.g. no-till in early to mid April), consider seeding rates 10 to 15% higher than the desired harvest population.

EXAMPLE: A grower wants to achieve a final stand of 28,000 plants/acre. The seed tag indicates a germination rate of 95% and the grower expects that 90% of the germinable seed will survive until harvest. Based on the formula above, divide the desired plant population at harvest, 28,000 plants/acre, by 0.95 x 0.90 (0.855) to obtain a seeding rate of 32,749 seeds/A. (Note that % germination and % survival are converted to decimal form for use in the formula.) If only 85% of the germinable seed were expected to survive (due to stressful environmental conditions during emergence), then dividing 28,000 by 0.95 x 0.85 (.8075) would give a higher seeding rate of 34,675 seeds/A.
-Corn 2003 # 9

Nitrogen Consideration for Corn
The increase cost of N fertilizer this year has many producers re-evaluating N rates for corn. A review of the nitrogen rates, yield goals, nitrogen credits, and nitrogen losses may assist in this decision.

For the past several years the OSU Agronomic Crops Team has had meetings and workshops on N management across the state. Many producers were surprised that they were applying 30 to 50 more pounds of N than those recommended by the Tri-States. Some were not aware of the university research and others applied more to be safe. For those who applied more to be safe, they were adding insurance on insurance since the Tri-State recommendations already include a hedge for unusual years of N loss. Producers who have followed these recommendations have not reported yield losses from inadequate N since these recommendations were released in 1995. For producers not familiar with recommendations, they should obtain Extension Bulletin E-2567: Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, and Alfalfa. The N equation used for these recommendations is given below:

110 + [1.36 x (yield potential - 100] - N credit

For example, corn following corn would require approximately 190 lb N/A for a yield potential of 160 bushels. A potential of 140 bu/A would require about 160 pounds of N. As seen in the equation, the value given for yield potential would greatly affect the N recommendation.

Fine tuning the yield goal will have a great affect on the final N rate. Many ways may be used to estimate yield potential, but a conservative method would be prudent in years of high fertilizer prices. Some methods determine the yield average of a field for the past five years or another method may throw out the high and low yielding years of the past five years and average the remaining three. Regardless of the method, a realistic yield goal should be the desired outcome.

Nitrogen credits also need to be considered as well as yield potential to determine N rate. Previous crops, especially legumes, will have N available for the following corn crop. Thirty pounds of N should be deducted from the total N rate if the previous crop was soybeans, regardless of the yield from the previous soybean crop. More N may be available in some years, but that increase is difficult to predict in all situations. Nitrogen credits should also be taken if the previous crop was a grass pasture (40 lb), a legume cover crop (30 lb) or alfalfa (60 - 140 lb, depending on the stand density). Many producers neglect these credits, but a producer planting corn after soybeans with a yield potential of 160 bu/A would lower their N needs from 190 to 160 lb/A.

Nitrogen credits should also be given for manure applications. The amount of N available from manure depends on the source, time of application, and application method. Fields regularly applied with manure may not need additional N. In these situations, a presidedress nitrate test (PSNT) should be used to confirm if adequate N levels exist for this year's corn crop.

Management practices affect nitrogen loss potential. Producers control the N source selected, time of application, and placement method. In general, the potential for N loss may be reduced by the following practices: 1) select a N source that remains in the ammonium form the longest period of time, 2) apply most of the N around growth stage V6, and 3) incorporate rather then leave N on the soil surface.

In summary, N prices are higher than usual this year. However, a producer may reduce N costs by following university recommendations, choosing realistic yield goals, claiming N credits, and observing good management practices.
-Corn 2003 #7

Update on New Herbicides
Callisto (Syngenta) can be applied preemergence or postemergence to field and seed corn for control of broadleaf weeds. The active ingredient in Callisto is mesotrione, which has a site of action similar to Balance. Preemergence application of Callisto controls velvetleaf, pigweeds, black nightshade, lambsquarters, and waterhemp. Control of common ragweed has been somewhat variable in OSU research, and Callisto is weak on giant ragweed, cocklebur, and annual morningglory. Unlike Balance, which is a fairly effective early-season grass herbicide, Callisto does not control grass weeds. Postemergence applications of Callisto control most annual broadleaf weeds, especially when mixed with 0.25 lb ai of atrazine. In OSU research, Callisto applied postemergence has been weak on common ragweed and annual morningglory in the absence of atrazine. Callisto is labeled for application to corn up to 30 inches tall or the V8 stage when applied alone, but must be applied before corn is 12 inches tall when mixed with atrazine. Callisto appears to be very safe to corn when applied preemergence or postemergence, but can interact with certain soil- or foliar-applied organophorsphate insecticides and cause corn injury when applied postemergence.

Cinch and Cinch ATZ (DuPont) are the same as Dual II Magnum and Bicep II Magnum, respectively. Cinch ATZ replaces Leadoff in the Dupont product line, and are often promoted at reduced rates when followed by a broad-spectrum postemergence herbicide treatment.

Keystone (Dow) is a premix of acetochlor plus atrazine for preplant or preemergence use in field corn, seed corn, and popcorn. The typical use rate contains a rate of atrazine similar to the use rates of Bicep II Magnum and Harness Xtra 5.6. Keystone LA contains less atrazine per use rate than Keystone.

Lumax (Syngenta) is a premix of atrazine plus
s-metolachlor (Dual II Magnum) plus mesotrione (Callisto) for preplant or preemergence use in field and seed corn. Lumax controls annual grass and broadleaf weeds, and spectrum of broadleaf control is similar to mixtures of Balance with atrazine premix products (Guardsman Max, Bicep II Magnum, etc.) Lumax can be applied postemergence before corn exceeds 5 inches in height, for control of broadleaf weeds up to 3 inches tall.

Option (Bayer) is a sulfonylurea herbicide for postemergence grass control in field corn. The 

formulation contains the active ingredient, foramulfuron, plus a safener to reduce the risk of corn injury. Option also controls some small (less than 2-inch) broadleaf weeds. Option can be applied with most postemergence broadleaf herbicides for corn. Option must be applied with a methylated seed oil plus 28% UAN or ammonium sulfate. Apply broadcast until corn is 16 inches tall or in the V5 stage, and as a directed spray until corn is 36 inches tall. Similar to most ALS inhibitors, Option can interact with soil-applied insecticides and injure corn, and the Option label prohibits application to corn treated with Counter or Thimet at planting.

Valor (Valent) is applied preemergence for control of broadleaf weeds in soybeans. The active ingredient is flumioxazin, which is a PPO inhibitor (or cell membrane disruptor). Valor controls pigweeds, waterhemp, lambsquarters, and black nightshade, and controls or suppresses common ragweed and velvetleaf. Valor also has limited foliar activity on small emerged weeds, especially when applied preplant with 2,4-D ester and glyphosate.

Gangster (Valent/Dow) is a co-pack of Valor plus FirstRate for preplant/preemergence use in soybeans. Gangster is extremely broad-spectrum, controls or suppresses most broadleaf weeds, depending upon rate applied.
-Corn 2003 #5

Planting Corn Off to a Healthy Start
Droughts, insects, and diseases can take a bite out of corn yields, but missing the boat on crop establishment also may have a detrimental effect on the crop's performance.

Peter Thomison, an Ohio State University Extension agronomist, said that such practices as proper tillage, paying attention to soil conditions, and seeding at the right depths can make a big difference in yields at the end of the growing season.

"The sins of poor crop establishment will come back later on to haunt you," said Thomison, as associate professor with the Department of Horticulture and Crop Science. "Mistakes made during the planting operation are usually irreversible, and can put a ‘ceiling' on the crop's yield potential before the plants have even emerged."

Although growers have little control over environmental conditions – the driving factor behind last year's poor crop development – they can help send the corn off to a good start by following some basic planting rules of thumb:

1. Till only when necessary to avoid planting in wet soils or in no-till fields too early.

"Shallow compaction created by excessive tillage can reduce crop yields, especially under drought-stressed conditions like those that occurred in 2002," said Thomison. "Compaction can have a detrimental effect on corn emergence, causing poor nodal root development. Cloddy soils resulting from spring tillage of wet soils can cause the plant to leaf out underground. This is a mortal injury to the plant."

He added that some growers tend to push no-till fields too hard, too early because the residue will support the equipment, even though fields may really be too wet to plant.

"I emphasize soil condition, because that was the root of so many problems growers had last year," said Thomison. "A good way to test the soil is to dig up soil samples in the field. The soil may be dry on the surface, but could still be too wet five or six inches deep."

2. Complete planting by mid-May if weather permits.

Thomison said planting as early as possible under dry conditions can be advantageous for the crop.

"In addition to producing higher yields, early planted corn matures earlier in the fall with more time for field drying and higher test weights. Planting earlier can also mean earlier plant emergence and faster canopy closure during the growing season," he said. "Early planted corn usually has better stalk quality and may reduce the exposure to various late insect and disease pest problems."

Growers are recommended to plant half of their corn acres two weeks before the optimal planting date to optimize yield potential. The longer
growers wait to plant after the optimal planting dates, the more the yields tend to decrease. Recommended planting dates for corn in southern Ohio is from April 10 to May 10 and in northern Ohio, from April 15 to May 10.

"If soil conditions are good and fields are dry and well-drained, then planting should proceed," said Thomison.

3. Adjust seeding depth according to field conditions.

"Irregular planting depths contribute to uneven plant emergence, which can reduce yields," said Thomison. Growers are recommended to seed between one and a half to two inches deep, shallower (one and half inches) when soils are moist and deeper (two inches) when soils become more warm and dry.

4. Adjust seeding rates based on yield potential.

"Higher seeding rates are recommended for sites with high yield potential with high soil fertility and water-holding capacity," said Thomison, adding that stands of 28,000 to 30,000 plants per acre or more may be required to produce yields of 160 bushels per acre or more. "When planting occurs in cold soils, usually very early planting dates, the seeding rate should be 10 percent to 15 percent higher than the desired harvest population."

In the case of a late planting after June 1 or on droughty soils, growers should lower their seeding rates. "On soils that average 120 bushels per acre or less, final stands of 20,000 to 22,000 plants per acre may be adequate for optimal yields," said Thomison.

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Did I Buy That Bull to Breed???
Well, I sure hope you did!!! I'm sure you realize the importance of having breeding soundness exams performed on your bulls in preparation for the upcoming breeding season, but have you ever thought about how you can use those bulls to improve herd reproductive efficiency before the breeding season even begins?

It has long been known that males and females of many species of animals produce chemical substances call pheromones that influence the reproductive systems of the opposite sex. For example, fenceline exposure of prepubertal ewes, mice, and gilts to males induced earlier onset of puberty as compared to those females not exposed to males (Bronson and Maruniak, 1975; Deligeorgis et al., 1984; Pearce and Oldham, 1988).

In cattle, cows pastured with fertile bulls or gomer cows or bulls had a shorter interval from calving to first heat than cows isolated from contact with bulls. A cull bull can potentially be used for a gomer by having a veterinarian remove the epididymis of the bull such that the bull becomes infertile, but still can have desired effects on the reproductive cycles of females. In such a case, a gomer may only need to be maintained for a breeding season to help hasten onset of heat cycles after calving and then also to check heat during the breeding season if you are using heat detection to facilitate artificial insemination. Thereafter, the bull can be castrated and (or) fattened and sold for salvage value. Maintenance of gomer cows or gomer bulls, however, may not be practical for some producers, but perhaps some extra value can still be obtained from those bulls used for breeding. Clearly, pasturing fertile bulls with the breeding herd before you would like the breeding season to begin is not the most viable option. Research has shown however, that fenceline contact of fertile bulls can decrease time from calving to the onset of estrous cycles in two year old cows by an average of 11 days in experiments conducted in consecutive years (Fike et al., 1996). Other studies have shown that body condition at calving and bull exposure interacted to influence 

time from calving to first heat such that cows in 
poorer body condition responded to bull exposure to a greater extent by reducing the time from calving to first estrus than cows in good body condition (Stumpf et al., 1992). Typically the two-year-old cows in the herd are under greater nutritional stress following first calving and should benefit most from exposure to bulls. The two-year-olds are key females in the herd in that they should be genetically the most valuable, but are also at the greatest risk of being lost from the herd due to failure to rebreed.

So, consider the added value your herd bull can offer your operation even before the breeding season begins. Consider housing bulls at a fenceline contact (using a good, durable fence of course; see Figure 1 example) to your heifers and (or) two-year-old cows before the breeding season begins to potentially give your herd that extra advantage in reproductive efficiency.

Figure 1. Diagram of fenceline contact of cows and bulls. Bulls were separated from cows by panel fencing and cows shared a common water tank with one pen of bulls. One or more bulls could be used for exposure to females depending on your facilities and bull availability.

Karol Fike, OSU Animal Sciences Dept.

Figure 1.

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Agriculture Attractive But Not So Convenient Terrorist Target
U.S. agriculture may be an attractive target for terrorist groups, but the system's structure makes it difficult to generate the type of one-time damage seen in the World Trade Center attack.

"Terrorist groups could find agriculture very attractive because it is so vulnerable. The system is so dispersed that you can't watch everything, and there are so many targets of opportunity in the food and water provision system that it makes food very vulnerable," said Luther Tweeten, an Ohio State University professor emeritus of agricultural trade and policy. "On the other hand, agriculture is not an easy target for the same reason. Any one point is not going to do the kind of damage terrorists are looking for. An attack on one farmer's livestock or crop is not going to have a very big impact, and terrorists are looking for things with a huge psychological impact."

Tweeten, who just published a book on domestic and international terrorism called "Terrorism, Radicalism, and Populism in Agriculture" (Iowa State Press, 2003), said that the threat of agri-terrorism, nonetheless, is real and people should be aware of some of the potential dangers.

"There's no question that the war in Iraq has heightened awareness of this issue. No one knows for sure if it's going to make terrorism more or less frequent, but it's a concern that everybody should be more aware of," he said.

Some areas of agriculture Tweeten considers to be targets of opportunity include chemicals such as fertilizers or pesticides that could be developed into explosives; spray planes or light planes that could be easily stolen and used to disperse chemical or biological agents; agribusinesses that stockpile chemicals or equipment; farmers with large feedlots or confinement operations that could be a source for spreading animal diseases, like foot and mouth; and food processing facilities and packing plants that could be infiltrated and a potential toxin introduced into the food supply.

"One gram of botoxin (the organism that cause botulism) can kill hundreds of thousands of

people. We know how devastating food and mouth disease can be to the animal population," said Tweeten. "These are just some of the 
things that terrorists would go for. The important thing to stopping things like this from happening is to be observant. Vigilance can be one of the most effective deterrents."

He said that people should be more aware of what's going on around them and report any suspicious activity.

"Terrorist groups usually do something before an attack that's a little odd. They case the places they are going to attack. They may plant a worker to learn the routines and learn how to get in and out. They might be watching with binoculars from close proximity," said Tweeten. "That means there are strangers in the neighborhood and suspicious activity. Think of the kinds of things they might engage in and anticipate the kinds of things they might do to attack these places of opportunity."

Farmers and agribusinesses can also do their share of cutting the odds of a potential terrorist attack by locking up buildings and securing chemicals, aircraft, and farm equipment.

"There's no fool proof system and any kind of a fool proof system would be too costly. We wouldn't be able to afford it," said Tweeten. "So it's up to the people to be vigilant and be aware of what is going on around them."

Tweeten said that since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and subsequent potential threats, Americans appear to be grasping a better understanding of what terrorism is.

"I define terrorism as political acts involving either destruction of property or people or both. People don't realize that the overwhelming sources of terrorism in agriculture have been domestic –not international, not al-Qaeda –primarily engaged in terrorism relating to animal feeding operations, environmental targets, GMOs, test plots. And because these mainly deal with the destruction of property many people don't consider them terrorist acts," said Tweeten. "Since 9/11, I think many are looking at these acts with more scrutiny and security has tightened up."

Within the past six years, there have been 600 incidents of domestic terrorism acts in agriculture, from the destruction of scientific  labs, experimental test plots and offices to the targeting of farming operations.

"The weird part about this is these acts of violence and intimidation often hurt the very people that these protestors say they are trying to help. Agricultural technology has done a great service to consumers and to mankind and it's had a magnificent economic payoff," said Tweeten. "The battle to feed humanity is not over and when we destroy technology we are slowing that process and it can be damaging often to the people that protestors are trying to serve."
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Weaning Time For The Ewe Flock
As many producers near the end of lactation, it is time to remind ourselves about an appropriate pre-weaning and weaning plan to prevent loss of udders due to poor weaning management. The current SID book has these weaning recommendations:

1) Dry ewes off by deprivation of feed for 48 hours and water for 24 hours. Provide low energy and protein for the next 10-14 days. This is the time of the year to feed your poorest quality hay to the ewe flock. Monitor ewes closely for evidence of acute mastitis.

2) Sort and cull unsound ewes. Unsoundness in a ewe would include mastitis, lameness, excessive thinness, non-lactating, poor teeth (molars and incisors), etc.

3) An internal and external parasite program and an appropriate immunization program must be tailored to each operation. This should be planned with the help of a veterinarian.

4) Since water is the main portion of the milk produced by the ewe, it is important to reduce water intake prior to weaning. This will reduce milk production in the ewe.

For most of the purebred and club lamb operations and those commercial flocks that are raising lambs in the barn, the normal weaning time is around 60 days after those lambs are born. This is the time period when milk production in the ewe is becoming lower and the lambs are in need of higher quality nutrition than the milk can provide. It is more efficient to feed the lambs than it is to feed the ewes to maintain low levels of milk production.

For commercial grazing operations, there is no real set date for weaning. Generally these flocks will let the ewes wean the lambs themselves. At around 90-100 days of age, the ewes will no longer allow the lambs to nurse, and milk production is very low. The lambs will be grazing and providing nutrition to himself or herself either in a creep or on the pasture that their dams are grazing. The wether lambs can then be removed from the ewe flock and either marketed as feeder lambs or fed out by the producers and sold later as finished lambs at a later date. Ewe lambs are generally maintained with the ewe flock or separated from the ewe flock and maintained on a higher plane of nutrition.

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Be Careful When Handling Livestock Drugs!
Hopefully, a recent news article in the Omaha World-Herald will serve as a reminder to all of us to be very careful with all drugs we handle, including livestock drugs that we may use frequently on the farm. While many have known since it became available for use that Micotil had potential danger, even some commonly used products like Lutalyse or some vaccines could have serious adverse effects if injected accidentally into our body or under the skin.

According to an article published March 12, 2003 in the Omaha World-Herold, Nebraska rancher Rourk Erickson died after accidentally injecting himself with a small amount of Micotil deep into his groin. In the article, staff writer Todd Von Kampen's explained the 38 year old Erickson was carrying a syringe full of the drug in his coveralls' bottom pocket, while he was attempting to put a heifer into a head chute. While walking past a cow in another pen that had recently calved, she kicked him, bending the needle and injecting some of the drug.

When Erickson almost immediately felt his heart racing and dizziness, he was raced to the hospital where doctors told him there was no antidote for Micotil in humans. He died an hour after the accident.

Micotil, approved in the 1990s for treating respiratory illnesses in cattle and sheep, carries a warning that it's fatal if injected into humans.

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White Pine Weevils Flourish
White Pine Weevil populations seem to have exploded over the past few years, with the insect migrating into spruces in addition to pines. During the past few growing seasons, area plantations have been riddled with dead brown terminal leaders, the tell-tale sign of White Pine Weevil Damage. 

While we typically shy away from recommending widespread application of protective sprays for insects which may appear, the fact is, that if you did battle with his pest last year (or needed to do battle and didn't!), you will need to apply an insecticide this year.  The adult weevil have already been feeding and laying eggs, so probably the most effective products to apply are dimethoate or metasystox-R.  Both of these chemicals have some systemic activity which can kill first instar larvae. 

Earlier this season, some Christmas tree growers asked if Lorsban was still available for adult control of White Pine Weevil before egg-laying.  All formulations containing chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban) have been removed from the market for home landscape use, but Lorsban-4E (Dow AgroSciences) is still available for use in Christmas tree plantations.

Spruce Spider Mite Damage
Some Christmas tree growers are reporting an increased incidence of damage from Spruce Spider Mites.  These cool season mites appear as adults in the spring (when Redbud is in bloom) and the fall.  If you are seeing browning on spruces and firs, especially on the inner needles, the damage was likely done by mites which hatched last fall, and into the winter, as damage would not yet be visible from mites which have just hatched this spring.  Mite population also flourish in hot, dry weather, which would explain increased population late last summer. 

Soaps and horticultural oils (1.5% to 2%) can be used this spring and into the summer and fall to get this pest under control, but remember that these products can remove the bluish color from Blue Spruce and some firs.  Orthene and Talstar will provide some control of mites, but repeat applications will be required if these products are used. 

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Forestry Field Day Set
A forestry field day focusing on tree identification will be held on Monday, June 16, 2003 from 9:00 am to 3:00 p.m. at the Algonquin Mill south of Carrollton.  This field day will feature classroom sessions as well as sessions in the woods and in the Arboretum at the Algonquin Mill.  See the attached flyer for more details about this field day.
 
 

Ag Education

Ag and Environmental Education Workshop for Teachers
Enclosed with this newsletter is a flyer for our annual teacher workshop on agricultural and environmental education scheduled for Thursday, June 26, 2003 from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. at the Algonquin Mill south of Carrollton.  If there isn't a teacher in your family, please pass the flyer onto a teacher who you know might be interested in the workshop.  At this workshop, teachers of students in pre-K through grade 6 will learn how to incorporate agricultural and environmental topics into their classroom teaching.
 

Sincerely,
 

Mike Hogan Extension Agent Agriculture & Natural Resources  Community Development

Ken Simeral Extension Agent Agriculture & Natural Resources Community Development

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Trade names are supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Ohio State University is implied.

All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a non-discriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.

OSU Extension will provide accommodations to handicapped persons needing assistance to participate in Extension programs. If you require some type of assistance/accommodations to attend programs, utilize written materials or visit the Carroll, Harrison, or Jefferson County Extension Offices, please contact that office or TTD#1-800-589-8292.

Visit Ohio State University Extension’s WWW site “Ohioline” at: hhtp:/www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/
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Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Keith L. Smith, Director, Ohio State University Extension.
TDD # 1 (800) 589-8292 (Ohio only) or (614) 292-1868